Faculty in the News

2022

Professor Elizabeth Andrews

April 29 -  A WAVY-TV report on a state budget amendment that would remove derelict books from Virginia's waterways took note of a partnership between the Virginia Coastal Policy Center (VCPC) and the Virginia Abandoned and Derelict Vessel Work Group (VA-ADV).  Read the WRAL story.  You can read more about the partnership and the VCPC policy paper on the issue on the VA-ADV website.

January 26 - Hampton City Council recognized the Virginia Coastal Policy Center for its efforts to support the city’s resilience endeavors. Center Director Elizabeth Andrews accepted the award on the Center's behalf. VCPC has provided research support as well as hosting an annual conference to provide Virginia localities with resources concerning resilience issues.

Professor Jeffrey Bellin

December 8 - The Wall Street Journal featured article titled "Who Read What in 2022: Thinkers and Tastemakers" which featured Professor Jeffrey Bellin's new book  titled "Mass Incarceration Nation." Read the article.

November 15 - Stephen Pimpare is director of the Public Service & Nonprofit Leadership program and Faculty Fellow at the Carsey School of Public Policy at the University of New Hampshire interviewed Professor Jeffrey Bellin about his new book, "Mass Incarceration Nation," on the New Books Network podcast.  Listen.

September ​9 - The Gothamist quoted Professor Jeffrey Bellin in a story titled "A Police Shooting in the Bronx, Bodycam Footage, and Conflicting Interpretations of What Is Captured." Read the story.

August 26 - ​Bloomberg Law quoted Professor Jeffrey Bellin in a story titled "Trump's Stash at Mar-a-Lago Included Highly Classified Documents." Read the story.

July 18 - ​The Insider interviewed Professor Jeffrey Bellin for story titled "Steve Bannon Is Entering His Criminal-Contempt-of-Congress Trial on Monday Virtually Defenseless - and Already Eyeing an Appeal of a Guilty Verdict." Read the story.

​July 18 - The Week took note of Professor Jeffrey Bellin's recent interview in the Insider about the trial of Steve Bannon in a story titled "Steve Bannon Faces Up to a Year in Prison as Contempt of Congress Trial Begins." Read the story.

Professor Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl

July 22 - Law360 quoted Professor Aaron-Andrew Bruhl in a story titled "Supreme Court PAGA Rehearing Bid Faces Long Odds." Read the story.

June 30 -  Professor Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl was cited in a dissenting opinion in the Supreme Court, Grzegorczyk v. United States (Sotomayor, joined by Breyer, Kagan, and Gorsuch, dissenting), at p. 4 n.1 and p. 9 n.6. Read the opinion.

Professor Kami Chavis

July 13 - ​William & Mary Law Professor Kami Chavis joined other distinguished experts to discuss the impact of the Supreme Court's Bruen decision on a panel hosted by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Gun Violence Solutions.

July 1 - ​BBC Newsday interviewed Professor Kami Chavis about the swearing in of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Kentanji Brown Jackson and President Trump's impact on the Court. Listen (begins at about 32:35).

Professor Nancy Combs

May 19 -  The Class of 2024 honored Professor Nancy Combs with the 1L Professor of the Year Award. Read the story.

March 17 - 13 News Now (ABC Norfolk, VA) spoke to Professor Nancy Combs, director of the Human Security Law Center, following President Biden's remark that Vladimir Putin is a war criminal.  Watch the interview.

March 10 - Newsweek quoted Professor Nancy Combs in a story titled "Has Russia Committed War Crimes in Ukraine?  It's Complicated." Read the story.

Professor Evan Criddle

April 23 - ​The Boston Globe quoted Professor Evan Criddle in a story titled "Calls Grow to Seize Russian Assets to Help Pay for Ukraine's Reconstruction." Read the story (subscription required).

March 30 - Politico featured an Opinion by Professor Evan Criddle titled "Rebuilding Ukraine Will Be Costly. Here's How to Make Putin Pay." Read the essay.

Professor Neal Devins

November 9 - Bloomberg Law quoted Professor Neal Devins in a story titled "GOP High Courts in Ohio, North Carolina Hold Redistricting Power." Read the story.

September 11 - Professor Neal Devins was a guest on NPR Weekend Edition Sunday with host Ayesha Rascoe for a program titled "Are Federal Judges More Likely to Side With Presidents Who Appoint Them?" Listen and read.

July 5 - AFP News (Agence France-Presse) quoted Professor Neal Devins in a story titled "Like none other: profound impact of conservative US Supreme Court." Read the story.

June 30 - Host June Grasso of the Bloomberg Law Podcast spoke to Professor Neal Devins about whether state supreme courts in Republican states are likely to protect abortion rights. Listen.

June 28 - Vox referenced, quoted and linked to an article by Professor Neal Devins in a story titled "Think Polarization Is Bad Now? Wait Til the Post-Roe Abortion Wars Get Started." Read the story.  Devins's article is titled "Rethinking Judicial Minimalism: Abortion Politics, Party Polarization, and the Consequences of Returning the Constitution to Elected Government" (2016) (read it here).

June 28 - Courthouse News Service quoted Professor Neal Devins in a story titled "Filibuster Constrains Congress From Answering High Court Rulings." Read the story.

June 27 - Following the June 24, 2022 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court on Dobbs v. Jackson, which overturned Roe v. Wade, Professors Neal Devins and Allison Orr Larsen sat down to discuss the ruling’s legal implications. Watch the discussion.

June 25 - The New York Times quoted Professor Neal Devins and also cited and linked to two of his articles in a story titled "How Did Roe Fall? Before a Decisive Ruling, a Powerful Red Wave." Read the story.

The articles cited were “How Planned Parenthood v. Casey (Pretty Much) Settled the Abortion Wars” (2009) (read it here) and "Rethinking Judicial Minimalism: Abortion Politics, Party Polarization, and the Consequences of Returning the Constitution to Elected Government" (2016) (read it here).

June 23 - In the Berger opinion, the U.S. Supreme Court cited an article co-authored by Professor Neal Devins and University of Virginia Law Professor Saikrishna Prakash. Yale Law Journal published the article, "50 States, 50 Attorneys General, and 50 Approaches to the Duty to Defend,"  in 2015. See page 3 of the opinion.

June 22 - ​The Washington Post published an Opinion essay by Professor Neal Devins titled "Think State Supreme Courts Will Save Abortion Rights? Think Again."  Read the essay.

June 7 - USA Today quoted Professor Neal Devins in story, "Chief Justice John Roberts Facing Test of Leadership Amid Tense Time at Supreme Court." Read the story.

May 3 - The Los Angeles Times spoke to Professor Neal Devins for story, "Where Roe Went Wrong: A Sweeping New Abortion Right Built on a Shaky Legal Foundation." Read the story.

April 22 - The National Law Journal featured forthcoming scholarship by Professor Neal Devins and Professor Allison Orr Larsen in a cover story titled "How Fostering 'Circuit Personalities' Can Help Curb Partisan Divisions in the Judiciary." Read the story. Read more about their forthcoming Virginia Law Review article, "Circuit Personalities," on SSRN.

April 20 - GreenWire quoted Professor Neal Devins in a story titled "Biden's CEQ Has a Stephen Miller Problem." Read the story.

April 20 - Law.com spoke to Professor Neal Devins for a story titled "An Increasing Wedge Between Trump-Appointed Judges, GOP Colleagues." Read the story.

April 20 - E&E News Greenwire quoted Professor Neal Devins in a story titled "Biden’s CEQ has a Stephen Miller problem." Read the story.

April 18 -  Law.com spoke to Professor Neal Devins for story titled "What Drives Splits Between Trump-Appointed Judges and Their Republican Colleagues?" Read it here (subscription required).

February 7 - Courthouse News Service quoted Professor Neal Devins in a story titled "When Nominating Judges Gets More Political, Filling Seats Requires Strategy." Read the story.

February 3 - ​The Wall Street Journal quoted Professor Neal Devins in a story titled "Biden's Supreme Court Pledge Reflects Push Across Federal Judiciary." Read the story.

January 28 - ​CNET News spoke to Professor Neal Devins about what could be on the docket for the person who succeeds Justice Breyer. Read the story.

January 27 - The Christian Science Monitor quoted Professor Neal Devins in the story, "How Justices From Harlan to Breyer Shaped Legal Opinion." Read the story.

January 27 - Bloomberg Law quoted Professor Neal Devins in a story titled "Breyer's Strong Nonpartisan Confirmation 'A Relic of the Past.''" Read the story.

January 2 - ​On the "Legal Theory Blog": among Professor Lawrence Solum's picks for top 10 articles of 2021: "Weaponizing En Banc" by Professor Neal Devins and Professor Allison Orr Larsen. Read the post.

Professor James Dwyer

December 14 - The Federalist Society hosted a discussion featuring Professor James Dwyer, Ryan Bangert (of the Alliance Defending Freedom), and Professor Richard W. Garnett (University of Notre Dame School of Law). The topic: "Parental Rights and Religious Liberty: Examining New Conflicts Between Parents and the State." Watch it on YouTube.

June 4 - NewsNation interviewed Professor James Dwyer about what is known about why parents choose homeschooling and the recent rise in homeschooling during the pandemic. He is co-author of "Homeschooling: The History and Philosophy of a Controversial Practice." Watch the interview.

May 2 - Florida Today quoted Professor James Dwyer in a story titled "Rise in Homeschooling Threatens Brevard Public School Funds and Possibly Education Quality." Read the story.

January 30 - KCBS Radio in San Francisco interviewed Professor James Dwyer for a segment on families who chose to home school during the pandemic and their interest in continuing to do so.

January 21 - The Los Angeles Times quoted Professor James Dwyer in a story titled "The Pandemic Pushed More Families to Home School. Many Are Sticking With It." Read the story.

Professor Adam Gershowitz

October 10 - The Virginian-Pilot quoted Professor Adam Gershowitz in story titled, “Virginia Beach Is Forming New Police Oversight Board—With An Ex-Police Chief Leading the Interview Process.”  Read the story.

May 19 - The Class of 2022 honored Professor Adam Gershowitz with the Walter L. Williams, Jr., Memorial Teaching Award. Read the story.

 March 17 - Medscape quoted Professor Adam Gershowitz in story, "Will Physician Intent Matter in SCOTUS Pill Mill Cases?" Read the story.

February 25 - The Virginian-Pilot published an op-ed by Professor Adam Gershowitz titled "Prescribing Opioids Without Fear of Prosecution." Read the op-ed.

February 21 - The Daily Press (Virginia) quoted Professor Adam Gershowitz in a story titled "Hampton Chief Says Detectives 'Mishandled' Father's Request for Lawyer. Will That Harm Case Involving Missing 4-Year-Old?" Read the story.

January 3 - The Detroit Free Press quoted Professor Adam Gershowitz in a story titled "Police Need a Warrant to Search Your Cell Phone.  Your Car's Data Systems?  Not So Much." Read the story.

January 10 - Citing a law review article by Professor Adam Gershowitz, "The Tesla Meets the Fourth Amendment," (SSRN), The Detroit News called on the Michigan Legislature "to specifically codify that the vehicle exception to the Fourth Amendment doesn't mean police can search our phones without a warrant." Read the editorial.

Professor Rebecca Green

July 21 - ​Election experts Professor Rebecca Green and Moritz College of Law Professor Ned Foley discussed the new bipartisan deal on the Electoral Count Act on WBUR's Here and Now program.  Listen.

June 8 - C-SPAN interviewed Professor Rebecca Green, co-director of the Election Law Program, about efforts to reform the Electoral Count Act and its relevance to the January 6th hearings.   Watch the video.

February 14 - Bloomberg Law podcast host June Grasso spoke to Professor Rebecca Green about the Supreme Court dealing a blow to minority voting rights.  Listen.

January 31 - ABC News quoted Professor Rebecca Green, co-director of the Election Law Program, in a post titled "What Is the Electoral Count Act and Why Does It Present Problems?" Read the post.

January 28 - AFP-Fact Check quoted Professor Rebeca Green, co-director of the Election Law Program, in a post titled "Wisconsin Did Not Vote to Withdraw Its U.S. Presidential Electors." Read the post.

January 24 - Politifact quoted Professor Rebecca Green, co-director of the Election Law Program, in a story titled "Why It's Wrong to Call the Voting Rights Bill a Federal Takeover." Read the story.

January 22 -  ​Vox featured Professor Rebecca Green, co-director of the Election Law Program, in a story titled "What Congress's Election Reform Idea Leaves Out." Read the story.

January 20 - ​The Los Angeles Times quoted Professor Rebecca Green, co-director of the Election Law Program, in a story titled "Biden Walks Back Talk that Future Elections Might Not Be 'Legit.'" Read the story.

January 14 - The Hill quoted Professor Rebecca Green, co-director of the Election Law Program, in a story titled "State Courts Become Battlegrounds in Redistricting Fights." Read the story.

January 8 - ​Professor Rebecca Green, co-director of the Election Law Program, quoted in story on NPR, "Congress May Change This Arcane Law to Avoid Another January 6." Read the story.

Professor Michael S. Green

July 24 - The Guardian quoted Professor Michael S. Green in a story titled "Texas Lawmakers Test How Far Their Theats Against Abortion Can Reach." Read the story.

Professor Keven Haeberle

February 28 – Marketplace Morning Report spoke to Professor Kevin Haeberle for the story titled “What Obligations Do Public Companies Like Spotify Have to Correct False Information?”  Read the story.

Professor Vivian Hamilton

May 13 - Recipients of the 20202021 and 2022 Plumeri Awards were honored at a ceremony that had been delayed by the pandemic in the Hunter Hall Ballroom of William & Mary’s Alumni House. Professor Vivian Hamilton was among the 2021 recipients. Read the story.

February - The 19th quoted Professor Vivian Hamilton in a story titled, "In Mississippi Another Push to Ease Restrictions on Divorce." Read the story.

Professor Erin Hendrickson

January 27 - The International Business Times (Australia edition) quoted Professor Erin Hendrickson in a story titled "Which States Are Seeing the Most Resignations?" Read the story.

January 21 - Professor Erin Hendrickson was among experts who answered questions on WalletHub about what's being called the "Great Resignation" of recent months in which millions of Americans quit their jobs. Read the Q&A.

Professor Laura Heymann

​October 19 - Law360 quoted Professor Laura Heymann in story titled "Employers Unlikely to Copy Medieval Times Trademark Suit."  Read the story.

August 17 - Reuters spoke to Professor Laura Heymann about a suit filed in Los Angeles that alleges that a new product by Rap Snacks, Inc., violates  Mattel's trademark rights. Read the story titled "Don't Mess With Barbie."

February 10 - Reuters columnist Jenna Greene quoted Professor Laura Heymann in story titled "The Artist, the Porn Star and the Snake: Copyright Case Against Koons."  Read the story.

Professor Darian Ibrahim

December 8 - Professor Darian Ibrahim published "Angels and Devils: The Early Crypto Entrepreneurs" on The CLS Blue Sky Blog, Columbia Law School's Blog on Corporations and the Capital Markets. Read the blog.

November 18 - The Hill published an opinion essay by Professor Darian Ibrahim titled "FTX: How the SEC Should React." Read the opinion.

November 25 -​Professor Darian Ibrahim quoted by Time in story titled "Why FTX Account Holders Are Unlikely to Get Their Money Back." Read the story.

Professor Eric A. Kades

May 20-21: ​Professor Eric A. Kades received the 2022 Thomas Ashley Graves, Jr., Award for Sustained Excellence in Teaching at commencement. William & Mary President Katherine A. Rowe selected this year's recipients from nominations submitted by each of the academic deans. Read the story.

Professor Stacy Kern-Scheerer

April 4 - WTKR (Hampton Roads, Va.) quoted Professor Stacy Kern-Scheerer in a story titled "As U.S. Promises to Accept Ukrainian Refugees, William & Mary Immigration Clinic Director Says It's Unclear What the Process Would Look Like."
Read the story.

Professor Allison Orr Larsen

September 30 - CBS News spoke to Professor Allison Orr Larsen and alumnus Sean Marotta '10 of Hogan Lovells for a story titled "Supreme Court's New Term Brings Fresh Opportunity for Conservative Majority to Flex Its Muscle."  Read the story.

July 26 - ​Politico published an Opinion essay by Professor Allison Orr Larsen titled "The Supreme Court Decisions on Guns and Abortion Relied Heavily on History. But Whose History?" Read the essay.

June 30 - CBS News quoted Professor Allison Orr Larsen in a story titled "Supreme Court's Conservatives Assert Control as Momentous Term Comes to an End." Read the story.

June 27 - Following the June 24, 2022 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court on Dobbs v. Jackson, which overturned Roe v. Wade, Professors Allison Orr Larsen and Neal Devins sat down to discuss the ruling’s legal implications. Watch the discussion.

June 27 - ​Podcast: Professor Allison Orr Larsen and University of Connecticut Professor David Yalof discussed the Roberts Court following the Dodds decision. The interview was broadcast on KNX |CBS Radio| LA. Listen.

June 26 - Bloomberg quoted Professor Allison Orr Larsen in a story titled "Abortion, Gun Rulings Show Supreme Court Ready to 'Jolt' System." Read the story.

June 24 - ​The New York Times quoted Professor Allison Orr Larsen in a story titled "June 24, 2022: The Day Chief Justice Roberts Lost His Court." Read the story.

May 8 - The New York Times quoted Professor Allison Orr Larsen in a story titled "Supreme Court Leak Inquiry Exposes Gray Areas of Press Protection." Read the story.

May 3 - Bloomberg Law quoted Professor Allison Orr Larsen in a story titled "Extraordinary Abortion Leak Threatens Trust at Supreme Court." Read the story.

April 22 - The National Law Journal featured forthcoming scholarship by Professor Neal Devins and Professor Allison Orr Larsen in a cover story titled "How Fostering 'Circuit Personalities' Can Help Curb Partisan Divisions in the Judiciary." Read the story. Read more about their forthcoming Virginia Law Review article, "Circuit Personalities," on SSRN.

April 8 - ​The Boston Globe quoted Professor Allison Orr Larsen in a story titled "Ketanji Brown Jackson's Nomination Signals Change, But Court's Conservative Bent Remains." Read the story.

April 4 - ​Adam Liptak of the New York Times quoted Professor Allison Orr Larsen and referenced her 2008 scholarship in a story titled "The Problem of 'Personal Precedents' of Supreme Court Justices." Read the story.

February 16 - Bloomberg Law quoted Professor Allison Orr Larsen in a story about the death of professor and Supreme Court advocate Walter Dellinger.  Read the story (subscription required).

January 2 - ​On the "Legal Theory Blog": among Professor Lawrence Solum's picks for top 10 articles of 2021: "Weaponizing En Banc" by Professor Neal Devins and Professor Allison Orr Larsen. Read the post.

Professor Fredric Lederer

​January 13 - The Associated Press quoted Professor Fredric Lederer, director of the Center for Legal and Court Technology, in a story titled "Ruling Raises New Questions About Remote Testimony in Court." Read the story.

Professor Paul Marcus

February 9 - The university announced that Professor Paul Marcus was the 2022 recipient of the Thomas Jefferson Award, which is given annually to a member of the William & Mary faculty for “significant service through their personal activities, influence and leadership. It is the highest honor given by the university to a faculty member.”  Read the press release.

Professor Thomas J. McSweeney

Spring 2022 - Professor Thomas J. McSweeney was selected to receive a 2022 Alumni Fellowship Award by the William & Mary Alumni Association.  Read the story.

Professor Alan Meese

December 15 - Professor Alan Meese published a guest article in the Network Law Review, "The Constitutional Moment That Wasn’t," in which he engages with Tim Wu's 'Curse of Bigness' sketches. Read the article.

February 4 - The February 4 edition of Regulation Digest featured a recent article by Professor Alan Meese in its Marketplace of Ideas: "Antitrust Regulation and the Federal-State Balance: Restoring the Original Design," 70 Am. U. L. Rev. 75 (2020). Read the article on SSRN.

Professor Sarah R. Wasserman Rajec

June 27 - Bloomberg Law quoted Professor Sarah R. Wasserman Rajec in a story, "Apple Supreme Court Patent Loss Could Echo Across Industries." Read the story (subscription required).

Dean A. Benjamin Spencer

October 31 - Bloomberg Law published an opinion by Dean A. Benjamin Spencer titled "Making the Path to a Law Degree More Accessible for Everyone." Read the opinion.

September 17 - The Hill published an opinion by Dean A. Benjamin Spencer titled "Higher Ed Has Faults—but Don't Ignore Its Utility." Read the essay.

May 3 - The Virginia State Bar announced that Dean A. Benjamin Spencer is the recipient of the 2022 Leadership in Education Award.  The bar will present the award to Dean Spencer on June 17 during its annual meeting in Virginia Beach. Read the announcement.

February 15 - ​Bloomberg Law published an editorial by Dean and Trustee Professor A. Benjamin Spencer and Charleigh Kondas '23 titled "Law Schools Must Do More to Retain First-Generation Students." Kondas is the president and co-founder of the Law Schoreol's First Generation Student Alliance. Read the editorial.

Professor Timothy Zick

December 1 - In a Reuters news video, Professor Timothy Zick weighed in on the rare verdict reached by the jury that convicted Oath Keepers nfounder Stewart Rhodes for his role in the January 6 attack. Watch it now.

September 27 - Bloomberg Law quoted Professor Timothy Zick in story, "From Ivy League to Sedition: Oath Keeper Chief Goes on Trial." Read the story.

September 26 - The Chronicle of Higher Education quoted Professor Timothy Zick in a story titled "It's Not Clear Whether Public-College Professors Have First Amendment Rights When They're Teaching." Read the story.

August 19 - ​AL.com quoted Professor Timothy Zick in a story titled "Curse Word? For One Alabama Beach City Controversial Coffee Shop Name Rankles Officials." Read the story.

August 8 - ​First Amendment Watch featured essays by noted scholars and lawyers, including Professor Timothy Zick, in  a feature story titled "What Does the Alex Jones Case Mean for the First Amendment and Disinformation? Leading Scholars, Lawyers Provide Analysis." Read the story.

August 3 - PolitiFact asked several constitutional law experts, including Professor Timothy Zick, to weigh in on a recent statement by the White House Press Secretary in which she stated that the Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v. Wade was an "unconstitutional action." Read the story.

July 19 - ​Professor Timothy Zick was among experts featured in story in Just Security, "8 Top Experts on Strength of Dominion Suing Trump for Defamation, If It Wants to." Read the story.

July 12 - Law360 quoted Professor Timothy Zick in a story titled "Laws Bar Protests Outside Judges' Homes, But Are They Valid?" He is author of a forthcoming book titled "Managed Dissent: The Law of Public Protest." Read the story

July 1 - ​Professor Timothy Zick was a guest on On the Media, produced by WNYC Studios. He discussed what's next in the debate over gun control, and why it will be all about history. Listen.

June 29 - Politifact quoted Professor Timothy Zick in a story titled "Can States Punish Women for Traveling Out of State for Abortion?" Read the story.

June 23 - ​The San Francisco Chronicle quoted Professor Timothy Zick in the story titled "Supreme Court Strikes Down New York Gun Law - Rendering California's Law Dead Too." Read the story.

June 23 - The Atlantic published an essay by Professor Timothy Zick and Diane Palmer titled "The Next Fight Over Guns in America." Read the essay.

June 9 - ​The Christian Science Monitor quoted Professor Timothy Zick in story, "When Protests - and Threats - Come to Officials' Front Doorstep." Read the story. He is author of the forthcoming book "Managed Dissent: The Law of Public Protest.”

May 25 - Professor Timothy Zick and Mason School Professor Scott Gibson were selected to receive the 2022 McGlothlin Awards for Exceptional Teaching. Read the announcement.

May 7 - ​Bloomberg Law Podcast host June Grasso spoke to Professor Timothy Zick about the Supreme Court ruling that Boston violated the Constitution by refusing to fly a Christian civic group’s flag at city hall while raising the banners of other organizations. Listen to the program.

April 20 - Reuters interviewed Professor Timothy Zick in a video about the BLM protests in 2020 and a recent settlement between protesters and the National Park Service. Watch the interview.

February 11 - ​The Washington Post quoted Professor Timothy Zick in a story titled "'Reckless Power' or 'Honest Mistake'? Palin's and New York Times's Lawyers Make Their  Final Cases in Libel Trial." Read the story.

January 24 - ​Reuters quoted Professor Timothy Zick in story titled "Sarah Palin's Defamation Trial Against New York Times Set to Begin." Read the story.

January 14 - The Conversation (U.S. edition) published an essay by Professor Timothy Zick titled "Seditious Conspiracy Charge Against Oath Keepers Founder and Others in Jan. 6 Riot Faces First Amendment Hurdle."
Read the essay.